自然杀伤细胞与乳腺肿瘤生物学和治疗
免疫治疗已经成为乳腺癌的重要治疗方法。2020年7月27日,英国《自然》旗下《细胞研究》(影响因子:20.507)在线发表复旦大学附属肿瘤医院等单位的FUTURE临床研究报告,首次将4种分子亚型以及基因突变用于中国难治型晚期三阴性乳腺癌的分型精准治疗,尤其对于免疫调节亚型,免疫检查点PD-1抑制剂卡瑞利珠单抗+化疗取得良好效果。
乳腺肿瘤的免疫代谢微环境高度复杂,而免疫逃逸目前被认为是乳腺癌的重要标志,很大程度上促进了乳腺肿瘤的进展和转移。其中,自然杀伤细胞虽然属于淋巴细胞,但是有别于T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞等后天免疫(特异性免疫、获得性免疫、适应性免疫)细胞,无须预先接触抗原即可“自然”杀伤靶细胞,例如如病毒感染的宿主细胞和某些肿瘤细胞,因而得名。自然杀伤细胞是癌症先天免疫(自然免疫、固有免疫、非特异性免疫)主要效应细胞,并且在乳腺肿瘤免疫代谢微环境中具有高度异质性。目前针对乳腺肿瘤免疫代谢微环境的大多数治疗方案都集中于T淋巴细胞免疫,即通过促进激活信号或阻止抑制信号。T淋巴细胞免疫疗法取得的成功有限,凸显了开发新一代免疫疗法的重要性,例如利用以前被忽略的自然杀伤细胞。虽然乳腺肿瘤也会对自然杀伤细胞诱发的细胞毒性产生耐药,但是补充细胞激活因子、阻断细胞抑制分子、自然杀伤细胞基因工程可能克服乳腺肿瘤的耐药,因此具有广阔的前景。
2020年8月6日,英国生物医学中心旗下《分子癌症》(影响因子:15.302)在线发表复旦大学附属肿瘤医院吴松阳、傅彤、江一舟、邵志敏等学者的长篇综述,全文共计26页,系统总结了自然杀伤细胞对乳腺癌等恶性肿瘤生物学与治疗的重要价值。
近年来,学者们发现自然杀伤细胞可以预测乳腺癌患者新辅助治疗病理完全缓解率以及总生存,并且具有很强的异质性,不同亚群对乳腺癌的发生发展与治疗耐药具有重要意义。根据最新研究,该综述全面归纳了自然杀伤细胞的生发、内部亚群,结合微环境代谢阐述了对乳腺癌发生发展的作用,评估了其与T淋巴细胞同样具有成为乳腺肿瘤免疫代谢微环境靶点的潜力,包括正在进行的临床研究和FDA批准的自然杀伤细胞靶向疗法,并根据临床研究提出了自然杀伤细胞相关疗法对乳腺癌临床诊疗的潜在应用,以及将来改善乳腺癌治疗的可能方法,为制定更全面的精准治疗策略提供了新的思路。
相关链接
Mol Cancer. 2020 Aug 6;19:120.
Natural killer cells in cancer biology and therapy.
Song-Yang Wu, Tong Fu, Yi-Zhou Jiang, Zhi-Ming Shao.
Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
The tumor microenvironment is highly complex, and immune escape is currently considered an important hallmark of cancer, largely contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. Named for their capability of killing target cells autonomously, natural killer (NK) cells serve as the main effector cells toward cancer in innate immunity and are highly heterogeneous in the microenvironment. Most current treatment options harnessing the tumor microenvironment focus on T cell-immunity, either by promoting activating signals or suppressing inhibitory ones. The limited success achieved by T cell immunotherapy highlights the importance of developing new-generation immunotherapeutics, for example utilizing previously ignored NK cells. Although tumors also evolve to resist NK cell-induced cytotoxicity, cytokine supplement, blockade of suppressive molecules and genetic engineering of NK cells may overcome such resistance with great promise in both solid and hematological malignancies. In this review, we summarized the fundamental characteristics and recent advances of NK cells within tumor immunometabolic microenvironment, and discussed potential application and limitations of emerging NK cell-based therapeutic strategies in the era of presicion medicine.
KEYWORDS: Innate immunity, Natural killer cell, Tumor progression, Immunometabolism, Immunotherapy, Precision treatment
DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01238-x